Reality → Matter → Molecules → Ions
An ion is a molecule or atom with positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge caused by loss or gain of one or more electrons. Plasma is an ionized hot gas that makes up nearly all ordinary matter of the universe [1] . Ions are also critically important for many biological processes [2] . Furthermore, the concept of ions is at the base of some of the most important areas of general chemistry and chemical industries [3] .
Ions explain chemical properties and processes such as acidity/basicity (pH), oxidation/reduction (redox), and electrochemistry.